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ls

List the files in a folder, with details like permissions, owner, size and time.

Niveau
RHCSA-examen
Groep
Bestanden en mappen
Root nodig
Nee
Pakket
coreutils

Dit deel is nog niet vertaald. Je ziet de Engelse tekst.

Wat het doet

ls shows what is in a folder (the current one when you give no name). With -l you get the long list:

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 158 Jan  6 10:12 /etc/hosts

From left to right: file type and permissions (the . at the end means an SELinux context exists), number of hard links, owner, group, size in bytes, last change time, name.

The first letter is the type: - file, d folder, l symbolic link, b block device, c character device, p pipe, s socket.

On RHEL, ls is an alias for ls --color=auto, and ll for ls -l --color=auto.

Zo schrijf je het

ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Opties 60

Meest gebruikt

What to show

-a, --all
Also show hidden files (names that start with a dot), and . and ...
-A, --almost-all
Show hidden files, but not . and ...
-d, --directory
Show the folder itself, not its content.
-R, --recursive
Also list all sub-folders.
-B, --ignore-backups
Do not list backup files that end with ~.
-I, --ignore=pattern
Do not list names that match the pattern.
--hide=pattern
Like -I, but -a or -A show them again.
-L, --dereference
For links, show the file the link points to.
-H, --dereference-command-line
Follow links given on the command line.

Long list and details

-l
Long list: permissions, links, owner, group, size, time, name.
-h, --human-readable
With -l: sizes like 4.0K, 23M, 1.2G.
--si
Like -h, but with powers of 1000 instead of 1024.
-i, --inode
Show the inode number of each file.
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
Like -l, but show user and group IDs as numbers.
-g
Like -l, but without the owner.
-o
Like -l, but without the group.
-G, --no-group
In a long list, do not show the group.
-s, --size
Show the space each file uses on disk (in blocks).
--block-size=size
Show sizes in this unit, like M or G.
-k, --kibibytes
Use 1024-byte blocks for the disk use.
-Z, --context
Show the SELinux security context.
--author
With -l: show the author of each file.
--full-time
Like -l with the full date and time.
--time-style=style
Time format: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale or +FORMAT.

Sort

-t
Sort by time, newest first.
-r, --reverse
Reverse the order. With -t: oldest first.
-S
Sort by size, biggest first.
-X
Sort by the file extension.
-v
Natural sort of version numbers (file2 before file10).
-U
Do not sort; show in the order of the folder.
-f
Do not sort, show all files (like -aU).
--sort=word
Sort by: none, size, time, version, extension, width.
--group-directories-first
Show folders before files.
-c
With -lt: sort by and show the change time (ctime) of the file status.
-u
With -lt: sort by and show the access time.
--time=word
Which time to show and sort by: atime, ctime, mtime, birth.

Format

-1
One name per line.
-C
Names in columns (the default on a terminal).
-x
Names in rows instead of columns.
-m
Names separated by commas.
--format=word
across, commas, horizontal, long, single-column, verbose, vertical.
-w, --width=cols
Set the screen width.
-T, --tabsize=cols
Tab stops every COLS columns.
-F, --classify[=<when>]
Add a sign to the name: / folder, * program, @ link, | pipe, = socket.
--file-type
Like -F, but no * for programs.
-p, --indicator-style=slash
Add / to folder names.
--indicator-style=word
none, slash, file-type or classify.
--color[=<when>]
Colors: always, auto, never.
-b, --escape
Show special characters as C escapes.
-N, --literal
Show names exactly as they are.
-q, --hide-control-chars
Show control characters as ?.
--show-control-chars
Show control characters as they are.
-Q, --quote-name
Put names in double quotes.
--quoting-style=word
How to quote names: literal, shell, shell-always, c, escape …
-D, --dired
Output for the Emacs dired mode.
--zero
End each line with a NUL byte.
--help
Show help.
--version
Show the version.

Voorbeelden 13

$ als gewone gebruiker# als root (of met sudo)

  1. 1Long list with readable sizes

    ls -lh /var/log

    The basic view to check owners, permissions and sizes.

  2. 2Show hidden files

    ls -la ~

    Files like .bashrc and .ssh are hidden. -a shows them.

  3. 3What changed last?

    ls -lrt /etc | tail

    Sorted by time, the newest files at the bottom. Great after an update or an incident.

  4. 4Show the folder itself, not its content

    ls -ld /tmp /etc
drwxrwxrwt. 18 root root 4096 Oct 25 09:12 /tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 140 root root 8192 Oct 25 08:55 /etc

    Check the permissions of a folder. The t on /tmp is the sticky bit.

  5. 5Show the SELinux context

    ls -Z /var/www/html

    The label must be httpd_sys_content_t for Apache. Wrong labels cause "403 Forbidden".

  6. 6Find the biggest files in a folder

    ls -lS /var/log | head

    Biggest first. For a whole tree use du or find -size.

  7. 7Show inode numbers to see hard links

    ls -li /data/projects/web/hosts.old /data/projects/db/hosts.hard

    The same inode number means the same data.

  8. 8List only folders

    ls -d /etc/*/

    The slash at the end of the pattern matches folders only.

  9. 9Show user and group as numbers

    ls -ln /home

    Useful after a restore or on NFS, when names do not match on two systems.

  10. 10Exact times in ISO format for a report

    ls -l --time-style=long-iso /etc/passwd /etc/shadow

    When was the account database last changed? A good question in a security check.

  11. 11Show which files are links and programs

    ls -F /usr/local/bin

    @ = link, * = program, / = folder.

  12. 12One name per line for a script

    ls -1 /etc/yum.repos.d/

    Better: use a for f in /etc/yum.repos.d/* loop or find in scripts; never parse ls -l.

  13. 13Folders first, then files, sorted naturally

    ls -l --group-directories-first -v /srv/releases

    Version numbers like v2, v10 are sorted in the right order.

Let op

  • Do not parse the output of ls in scripts (names with spaces or new lines break it). Use globs or find -print0.
  • The size in ls -l is the file length, not the space used on disk. ls -s or du shows the real use.
  • ls -l of a link shows the link; add -L to see the target file.

Tips om te onthouden

  • -l long, -a all, -h human, -t time, -r reverse, -d the folder itself, -Z SELinux.
  • ls -lrt = newest at the bottom; ls -lS = biggest first.

Volledige handleiding

Deze pagina legt het commando uit in eenvoudige woorden. De originele handleiding heeft elk detail.

In je terminal: man ls

Open de man-pagina (linux.die.net)man7.org