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stat

Show all details of a file: size, blocks, inode, links, permissions, owner, SELinux context and all its times.

Niveau
Dagelijks Linux
Groep
Bestanden en mappen
Root nodig
Nee
Pakket
coreutils

Dit deel is nog niet vertaald. Je ziet de Engelse tekst.

Wat het doet

stat prints the inode information of a file. It shows more than ls -l: the permissions as numbers (0644), the inode number, the number of hard links, the device, and four times:

  • Access: last read.
  • Modify: last change of the data.
  • Change: last change of the inode (permissions, owner, links). It cannot be set with touch.
  • Birth: when the file was created (if the file system knows it).

With -c FORMAT you choose exactly what to print, which is great in scripts.

Zo schrijf je het

stat [OPTION]... FILE...

Opties 26

Meest gebruikt

-c, --format=format
Print only these fields (see the format codes below).
--printf=format
Like -c, but read \n and \t, and no new line at the end.
-L, --dereference
Follow symbolic links.
-f, --file-system
Show the status of the file system instead of the file.
-t, --terse
Print everything on one line (for scripts).
--cached=mode
How to use cached data on network file systems: always, never, default.
--help
Show help.
--version
Show the version.

Format codes (for files)

%n
File name.
%s
Size in bytes.
%a
Permissions as numbers (like 644). With %A: like -rw-r--r--.
%U / %u
Owner name / owner number.
%G / %g
Group name / group number.
%i
Inode number.
%h
Number of hard links.
%F
File type (regular file, directory …).
%C
SELinux context.
%x %y %z %w
Access, modify, change and birth time (readable).
%X %Y %Z %W
The same times as seconds since 1970.
%b %B
Number of blocks, and the block size.
%d %D
Device number (decimal / hex).
%N
Quoted name, with the target for links.

Format codes (with -f)

%T
File system type (like xfs).
%S
Block size.
%b / %f / %a
Total / free / available blocks.
%c / %d
Total / free inodes.

Voorbeelden 11

$ als gewone gebruiker# als root (of met sudo)

  1. 1Show all details of a file

    stat /etc/passwd

    Size, inode, links, permissions (0644/-rw-r--r--), owner, SELinux context and 4 times.

  2. 2Get the permissions as a number

    stat -c '%a %n' /etc/shadow /etc/passwd
0 /etc/shadow
644 /etc/passwd

    Easy to compare with the expected values in a compliance check.

  3. 3Print owner and group

    stat -c '%U:%G' /var/www/html

    A wrong owner explains many "Permission denied" errors.

  4. 4See when a file really changed (incident response)

    stat -c 'modify=%y change=%z' /usr/bin/sudo

    If "change" is recent but "modify" is old, someone may have reset the time with touch.

  5. 5Count the hard links of a file

    stat -c '%h' data.txt

    More than 1 means other names point to the same data.

  6. 6Show the SELinux context

    stat -c '%C' /var/www/html/index.html
unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0

    Same information as ls -Z.

  7. 7File system info: type and free inodes

    stat -f /var

    Shows the type (xfs), block size, free blocks and free inodes.

  8. 8Show the target of a link

    stat -c '%N' /etc/localtime
'/etc/localtime' -> '../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Riyadh'

    Here: the time zone of the system.

  9. 9Age of a file in seconds (script)

    echo $(( $(date +%s) - $(stat -c %Y /var/backup/last.ok) ))

    Alert when the last backup flag file is too old.

  10. 10Compare permissions of many files

    stat -c '%a %U:%G %n' /etc/ssh/*

    The private host keys must be 600 (or 640 for group ssh_keys), owned by root.

  11. 11One-line output for a script

    stat -t /etc/hosts

    All fields in a fixed order on one line.

Let op

  • "Change" (ctime) is not the creation time; it is the last change of the file's metadata.
  • Birth time can show "-" when the file system or kernel does not provide it.

Tips om te onthouden

  • stat -c '%a %U:%G %n' FILE = permissions, owner and name in one short line.

Volledige handleiding

Deze pagina legt het commando uit in eenvoudige woorden. De originele handleiding heeft elk detail.

In je terminal: man stat

Open de man-pagina (linux.die.net)man7.org