أمر make: الخيارات والأمثلة (11)

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make reads a Makefile with targets. Each target has a list of things it depends on and the shell lines (the recipe) that build it. make runs a recipe only when a file is missing or older than the files it depends on, so a big build only does the work that changed.

In DevOps teams a Makefile is often just a task runner: make build, make test, make up, make deploy. The same short commands work on every laptop and in every CI job. Such targets are marked .PHONY because they do not make a file.

Recipe lines must start with a Tab, not spaces.

طريقة الكتابة

make [OPTIONS] [TARGET ...] [VAR=value ...]

الخيارات 13

الأكثر استخدامًا

Common options

-f FILE: Use FILE instead of Makefile.
-C DIR: Change to DIR first (run the Makefile of a sub-project).
-j N: Run N recipes at the same time (parallel build).
-n, --dry-run: Print the commands, do not run them.
-B, --always-make: Build every target again, also when it is up to date.
-k, --keep-going: Go on with other targets after an error.
-s, --silent: Do not print the commands.
-i, --ignore-errors: Ignore errors in recipes.
-p: Print all rules and variables (debug).
-q, --question: Exit 0 if the target is up to date, 1 if not; run nothing.
-e: Environment variables win over Makefile variables.
--debug=b: Explain why a target is rebuilt.
VAR=value: Set a variable on the command line (wins over the Makefile).

أمثلة 11

$ مستخدم عادي# بصلاحية root (أو مع sudo)

1Run the default target (the first one in the file)
```
$make
```

2A task-runner Makefile for a web service

$cat Makefile
.PHONY: build test lint up down
IMAGE ?= shop
TAG   ?= $(shell git rev-parse --short HEAD)
build:
	docker build -t $(IMAGE):$(TAG) .
test:
	go test ./...
lint:
	golangci-lint run
up:
	docker compose up -d
down:
	docker compose down
$make build test

Recipe lines start with a Tab. ?= sets a default that the environment or the command line can change.

3Set a variable from the command line
```
$make build TAG=v1.4.0
```
4See what would run, without running it
```
$make -n deploy
```
5Build faster with 8 jobs at once
```
$make -j8
```
6Run the Makefile of a sub-folder
```
$make -C services/api test
```

7A help target that lists all targets

$cat Makefile
help: ## Show this help
	@grep -E '^[a-zA-Z_-]+:.*## ' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | awk -F':.*## ' '{printf "%-12s %s\n", $$1, $$2}'
$make help
help         Show this help

@ hides the command itself. $$ is a single $ for the shell.

8Rebuild everything
```
$make -B
```

9Use make in CI (GitHub Actions)

$cat .github/workflows/ci.yml
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: make lint test

10Find out why a target runs again
```
$make --debug=b build
```
11Check if a target is up to date (exit code)
```
$make -q dist/app || echo "needs a build"
```

انتبه

"missing separator" means a recipe line starts with spaces instead of a Tab.
Each recipe line runs in its own shell: cd dir on one line does not change the next line. Use cd dir && cmd.
Mark task targets .PHONY, or a file with the same name (for example a folder called test) stops them.

الملفات

Makefile: The default file make reads (also makefile, GNUmakefile).

نصائح للحفظ

Keep the real logic in scripts and call them from make; the Makefile stays short.
make help with ## comments makes a project easy for new team members.

رموز الخروج

`0`	All targets done.
`1`	`-q` and a target is not up to date.
`2`	An error.

`make`

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طريقة الكتابة

الخيارات 13

Common options

أمثلة 11

1Run the default target (the first one in the file)

2A task-runner Makefile for a web service

3Set a variable from the command line

4See what would run, without running it

5Build faster with 8 jobs at once

6Run the Makefile of a sub-folder

7A help target that lists all targets

8Rebuild everything

9Use make in CI (GitHub Actions)

10Find out why a target runs again

11Check if a target is up to date (exit code)

انتبه

الملفات

نصائح للحفظ

رموز الخروج

الدليل الكامل

make

ماذا يفعل

طريقة الكتابة

الخيارات 13

Common options

أمثلة 11

1Run the default target (the first one in the file)

2A task-runner Makefile for a web service

3Set a variable from the command line

4See what would run, without running it

5Build faster with 8 jobs at once

6Run the Makefile of a sub-folder

7A help target that lists all targets

8Rebuild everything

9Use make in CI (GitHub Actions)

10Find out why a target runs again

11Check if a target is up to date (exit code)

انتبه

الملفات

نصائح للحفظ

رموز الخروج

أوامر مرتبطة

مُستخدم في هذه الدروس

الدليل الكامل

`make`