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Wat het doet tar (tape archiver) collects many files, with their folders, permissions, owners and times, into one .tar file. With a compression option it also compresses the archive: .tar.gz (gzip), .tar.bz2 (bzip2) or .tar.xz (xz).
Every tar command has one main mode : -c create, -x extract, -t list (and some others). -f FILE names the archive; put it last in a group of letters (-czf backup.tar.gz).
GNU tar removes the leading / from names when it creates an archive. So extracting in another folder never overwrites the real system files by accident.
On extract, tar finds the compression by itself: tar -xf file.tar.xz works without -J.
Zo schrijf je het tar -c [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] FILE...tar -x [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [MEMBER...]tar -t [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [MEMBER...]tar {-r|-u} -f ARCHIVE [OPTIONS] FILE...
Main modes (pick one) -c, --createCreate a new archive. -t, --listList the content of an archive. -r, --appendAdd files to the end of an archive (not for compressed archives). -u, --updateAdd only files that are newer than the copy in the archive. -A, --catenate, --concatenateAdd other tar files to an archive. -d, --diff, --compareCompare the archive with the files on disk. --deleteRemove members from an archive (not on tapes, not compressed). --test-labelTest the volume label of the archive and exit. Archive file and compression -f, --file=archive The archive file (or device). - = stdin/stdout. -z, --gzipCompress or decompress with gzip (.tar.gz, .tgz). -j, --bzip2Compress or decompress with bzip2 (.tar.bz2). -J, --xzCompress or decompress with xz (.tar.xz). --zstdCompress with zstd (.tar.zst). -a, --auto-compressChoose the compression from the archive name's ending. -I, --use-compress-program=prog Use this program for compression, like -I 'zstd -19' or pigz. --lzma, --lzip, --lzopUse these other compressors. -Z, --compressUse the old compress program (.tar.Z). --no-auto-compressDo not guess the compression from the name. Show information -v, --verboseList the files while working. -vv shows details like ls -l. --totals[=<signal>] Print the total number of bytes at the end. --checkpoint[=<n>] Show a progress message every N records. --checkpoint-action=action What to do at each checkpoint (like dot or echo). --index-file=file Write the verbose list to this file. --full-timeShow file times with full resolution. -R, --block-numberShow the block number of each message. --show-defaultsShow the default settings of tar. --show-omitted-dirsShow folders that are skipped. -w, --interactive, --confirmationAsk for each file. --warning=keyword Turn certain warnings on or off. Choose files -C, --directory=dir Change to this folder first (for extract: extract into it). --exclude=pattern Leave out files that match the pattern. -X, --exclude-from=file Read exclude patterns from a file. --exclude-vcsLeave out .git, .svn and other version control folders. --exclude-vcs-ignoresUse the ignore files of git and others as exclude lists. --exclude-backupsLeave out backup and lock files. --exclude-caches, --exclude-caches-all, --exclude-caches-underLeave out cache folders that have a CACHEDIR.TAG file. --exclude-tag=file , --exclude-tag-all=file , --exclude-tag-under=file Leave out folders that contain this file. --exclude-ignore=file , --exclude-ignore-recursive=file Read exclude patterns per folder from this file. -T, --files-from=file Read the names to archive or extract from a file. --nullWith -T: names are separated by NUL bytes (works with find -print0). --no-nullTurn off --null again. --add-file=file Add this file, even if its name starts with a dash. --no-recursionDo not go into folders. --recursionGo into folders (the default). --one-file-systemStay on the file system where you started. -N, --newer, --after-date=date|file Only files newer than this date. --newer-mtime=date Only files whose data changed after this date. -K, --starting-file=member Begin at this member of the archive. --occurrence[=<n>] Use only the Nth copy of a member. -h, --dereferenceArchive the files that links point to, not the links. --hard-dereferenceFollow hard links and store the data each time. -P, --absolute-namesKeep the leading / in names (dangerous on extract). --anchored, --no-anchoredPatterns match at the start of the name / after any slash. --ignore-case, --no-ignore-caseIgnore case in patterns, or not. --wildcards, --no-wildcardsUse wildcards in patterns, or match exactly. --wildcards-match-slash, --no-wildcards-match-slashLet wildcards match a slash, or not. --strip-components=n On extract: remove the first N folders from each name. Extract behavior -k, --keep-old-filesDo not replace existing files (report an error). --skip-old-filesDo not replace existing files (skip silently). --keep-newer-filesDo not replace files that are newer than the archive copy. --overwriteOverwrite existing files. --overwrite-dirOverwrite the metadata of existing folders. --no-overwrite-dirKeep the metadata of existing folders. -U, --unlink-firstRemove each file before extracting over it. --recursive-unlinkRemove whole folders before extracting. --keep-directory-symlinkKeep existing links to folders. --one-top-level[=<dir>] Extract everything into one new folder. -O, --to-stdoutExtract files to the screen (stdout), not to disk. --to-command=command Send each extracted file to a command. -m, --touchDo not restore the modification time. --remove-filesRemove the files from disk after adding them to the archive. Owners, permissions, attributes -p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissionsRestore the exact permissions (default for root). --no-same-permissionsApply your umask on extract. --same-ownerRestore the owners (default for root). --no-same-ownerExtract files as yourself (default for normal users). --numeric-ownerUse user and group numbers, not names. --owner=name , --group=name Set this owner or group for added files. --owner-map=file , --group-map=file Map owners and groups with a file. --mode=changes Set these permissions for added files. --mtime=date|file Set this modification time for added files. --clamp-mtimeWith --mtime: only change files newer than that time. --atime-preserve[=<method>] Keep the access times of the archived files. --delay-directory-restore, --no-delay-directory-restoreSet folder times at the end (or not). --sort=order Order of folder entries: none, name, inode. -s, --preserve-order, --same-orderMember list is in the order of the archive. --acls, --no-aclsStore and restore POSIX ACLs (or not). --selinux, --no-selinuxStore and restore SELinux contexts (or not). --xattrs, --no-xattrsStore and restore extended attributes (or not). --xattrs-include=mask , --xattrs-exclude=mask Which extended attributes to include or skip. Format, devices and tapes --posixSame as --format=posix. -o, --old-archive, --portabilityOld V7 format (with -c). --pax-option=list Options for the pax format. -V, --label=text Give the archive a volume name. -S, --sparseStore sparse files (like VM images) efficiently. --sparse-version=ver The sparse format to use. --hole-detection=type How to find holes in sparse files. -g, --listed-incremental=file Make an incremental backup using this snapshot file. -G, --incrementalOld GNU incremental format. --level=n Dump level for listed-incremental archives. --check-device, --no-check-deviceCheck device numbers for incremental backups (or not). --ignore-failed-readDo not stop when a file cannot be read. -W, --verifyVerify the archive after writing. -i, --ignore-zerosIgnore blocks of zeros in the archive (read concatenated archives). -B, --read-full-recordsReblock as you read (for pipes). -b, --blocking-factor=blocks Record size in 512-byte blocks. --record-size=bytes Record size in bytes. -M, --multi-volumeCreate, list or extract a multi-volume archive. -L, --tape-length=n Change the tape after N x 1024 bytes. -F, --info-script, --new-volume-script=name Run this script at the end of each tape. --volno-file=file Keep the volume number in a file. -n, --seek, --no-seekThe archive can (or cannot) be seeked. --force-localThe archive is local even if its name has a colon. --rmt-command=cmd , --rsh-command=cmd Programs for remote tapes. --backup[=<control>] Make a backup before removing a file on extract. --suffix=string The backup suffix. --quoting-style=style , --quote-chars=chars , --no-quote-chars=chars How names are quoted in output. --unquote, --no-unquoteUnquote names in input (or not). --verbatim-files-from, --no-verbatim-files-fromRead -T names literally (or as options). --ignore-command-error, --no-ignore-command-errorIgnore exit codes of child programs (or not). --restrictDisable some options that could be harmful. --usageShow a short usage message. --versionShow the version. 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$ als gewone gebruiker# als root (of met sudo)
1 Back up a folder into a gzip archive Kopieer # tar -czvf /root/etc-$( date +%F).tar.gz /etcc = create, z = gzip, v = show files, f = archive name.
2 List what is in an archive Kopieer $ tar -tvf /root/etc-2026-10-25.tar.gzLook before you extract.
3 Extract into another folder Kopieer # tar -xzvf /root/etc-2026-10-25.tar.gz -C /tmp/restoreThe folder must exist. The real /etc is not touched.
4 Extract one file only Kopieer # tar -xzf backup.tar.gz -C /tmp etc/ssh/sshd_configGive the name as it is stored (without the leading slash).
5 Create a bzip2 or xz archive Kopieer $ tar -cjf docs.tar.bz2 docs/$ tar -cJf docs.tar.xz docs/xz makes the smallest file but takes more time.
6 Leave out folders you do not need Kopieer $ tar -czf app.tar.gz --exclude='*.log' --exclude='node_modules' --exclude-vcs app/Smaller backups and no secrets from .git folders.
7 Keep SELinux labels and ACLs in a system backup Kopieer # tar --selinux --acls --xattrs -czpf /backup/www.tar.gz /var/wwwWithout these options the labels are lost, and the restored site can give 403 errors.
8 Remove the top folder when you extract Kopieer $ tar -xzf terraform-1.9.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C /opt/terraformArchives from the web often have one extra top folder.
9 Copy a folder to another server through SSH Kopieer $ tar -czf - /srv/data | ssh server2 "tar -xzf - -C /backup"No temporary file: - sends the archive through the pipe.
10 Back up only files changed in the last day Kopieer # tar -czf /backup/changed.tar.gz -N "1 day ago" /homeA simple differential backup.
11 Make incremental backups with a snapshot file Kopieer # tar -czf /backup/home-full.tar.gz -g /backup/home.snar /home# tar -czf /backup/home-inc1.tar.gz -g /backup/home.snar /homeThe second run stores only what changed since the first.
12 Check a backup against the disk Kopieer # tar -dzf /root/etc-2026-10-25.tar.gz -C /Lists files that changed since the backup (useful in incident response).
13 Read one file from an archive without extracting Kopieer $ tar -xzOf backup.tar.gz etc/hosts | less -O sends the file content to the screen.
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Let op -f takes the next word as the archive name: write -czf name.tar.gz, not -cfz.Extracting as root restores owners and permissions; extracting in / overwrites system files. Never extract an archive from an unknown source as root without listing it first (-t): names like ../../etc/passwd or absolute paths can be dangerous. tar does not keep SELinux contexts and ACLs unless you add --selinux --acls --xattrs. Bestanden
/etc/rmtThe remote tape helper (rarely used). Tips om te onthouden c = create, x = extract, t = list, v = verbose, f = file, z/j/J = gz/bz2/xz, C = folder. To remember: "eXtract Ze Files" = -xzf, "Create Ze File" = -czf.